HYPOKALEMIA (ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS)
Hypokalemia can result from insufficient dietary potassium intake, intracellular shifting of potassium from the extracellular space, extrarenal potassium loss, or renal potassium loss. Cellular uptake of potassium is increased by insulin and beta-adrenergic stimulation and blocked by alpha-adrenergic stimulation. Aldosterone is an important regulator of total body potassium, increasing potassium secretion in the distant renal tubule. Severe hypokalemia may induce dangerous arrhythmias and rhabdomyolysis.
The potassium concentration in intestinal secretion is ten times higher than in gastric secretion. Hypokalemia in the presence of acidosis suggests profound potassium depletion and requires urgent treatment.
SYMPTOMS
Muscular weakness, fatigue, and muscle cramps are frequent complaints in mild to moderate hypokalemia. Gastrointestinal smooth muscle involvement may result in constipation or ileus. The presence of hypertension may be a clue to the diagnosis of hypokalemia from aldosterone or mineralocorticoid excess.
TREATMENT
Oral potassium supplementation is the safest and easiest treatment for mild to moderate deficiency. Intravenous potassium is indicated for patients with severe hypokalemia and for those who cannot take oral supplementation. Continuous ECG monitoring is indicated, and the serum potassium level should be checked every 3-6 hours. Avoid glucose-containing fluid to prevent further shifts of potassium into the cells. Magnesium deficiency should be corrected, particularly in refractory hypokalemia.
For Informational purpose only. Consult your Physician for advice.
